Hydroelectricity
The Three Gorges Dam, the largest hydro-electric power station in the world.Renewable energy BiofuelBiomassGeothermalHydropowerSolar powerTidal powerWave powerWind power Hydroelectricity is electricity generated by hydropower, i.e., the production of power through use of the gravitational force of falling or flowing water. It is the most widely used form of renewable energy. Once a hydroelectric complex is constructed, the project produces no direct waste, and has a considerably lower output level of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide (CO2) than fossil fuel powered energy plants. Worldwide, hydroelectricity supplied an estimated 816 GWe in 2005. This was approximately 20% of the world's electricity, and accounted for about 88% of electricity from renewable sources.[1]

Electricity generation This section includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please improve this article by introducing more precise citations where appropriate. (August 2008) Hydraulic turbine and electrical generator. Hydroelectric dam in cross sectionMain article: Electricity generationMost hydroelectric power comes from the potential energy of dammed water driving a water turbine and generator. In this case the energy extracted from the water depends on the volume and on the difference in height between the source and the water's outflow. This height difference is called the head. The amount of potential energy in water is proportional to the head. To obtain very high head, water for a hydraulic turbine may be run through a large pipe called a penstock.
Pumped storage hydroelectricity produces electricity to supply high peak demands by moving water between reservoirs at different elevations. At times of low electrical demand, excess generation capacity is used to pump water into the higher reservoir. When there is higher demand, water is released back into the lower reservoir through a turbine. Pumped storage schemes currently provide the only commercially important means of large-scale grid energy storage and improve the daily load factor of the generation system. Hydroelectric plants with no reservoir capacity are called run-of-the-river plants, since it is not then possible to store water. A tidal power plant makes use of the daily rise and fall of water due to tides; such sources are highly predictable, and if conditions permit construction of reservoirs, can also be dispatchable to generate power during high demand periods.
Less common types of hydro schemes use water's kinetic energy or undammed sources such as undershot waterwheels.
A simple formula for approximating electric power production at a hydroelectric plant is: P = hrgk, where P is Power in kilowatts, h is height in meters, r is flow rate in cubic meters per second, g is acceleration due to gravity of 9.8 m/s2, and k is a coefficient of efficiency ranging from 0 to 1. Efficiency is often higher with larger and more modern turbines.
Annual electric energy production depends on the available water supply. In some installations the water flow rate can vary by a factor of 10:1 over the course of a year.
Industrial hydroelectric plantsWhile many hydroelectric projects supply public electricity networks, some are created to serve specific industrial enterprises. Dedicated hydroelectric projects are often built to provide the substantial amounts of electricity needed for aluminium electrolytic plants, for example. In the Scottish Highlands there are examples at Kinlochleven and Lochaber, constructed during the early years of the 20th century. The Grand Coulee Dam, long the world's largest, switched to support Alcoa aluminum in Bellingham, Washington for America's World War II airplanes before it was allowed to provide irrigation and power to citizens (in addition to aluminum power) after the war. In Suriname, the Brokopondo Reservoir was constructed to provide electricity for the Alcoa aluminium industry. New Zealand's Manapouri Power Station was constructed to supply electricity to the aluminium smelter at Tiwai Point. As of 2007 the Kárahnjúkar Hydropower Project in Iceland remains controversial.[2]
Small-scale hydro-electric plants This section includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please improve this article by introducing more precise citations where appropriate. (August 2008)
Main article: Small hydroAlthough large hydroelectric installations generate most of the world's hydroelectricity, some situations require small hydro plants. These are defined as plants producing up to 10 megawatts, or projects up to 30 megawatts in North America. A small hydro plant may be connected to a distribution grid or may provide power only to an isolated community or a single home. Small hydro projects generally do not require the protracted economic, engineering and environmental studies associated with large projects, and often can be completed much more quickly. A small hydro development may be installed along with a project for flood control, irrigation or other purposes, providing extra revenue for project costs. In areas that formerly used waterwheels for milling and other purposes, often the site can be redeveloped for electric power production, possibly eliminating the new environmental impact of any demolition operation. Small hydro can be further divided into mini-hydro, units around 1 MW in size, and micro hydro with units as large as 100 kW down to a couple of kW rating.
Small hydro schemes are particularly popular in China, which has over 50% of world small hydro capacity.[1]
Small hydro units in the range 1 MW to about 30 MW are often available from multiple manufacturers using standardized "water to wire" packages; a single contractor can provide all the major mechanical and electrical equipment (turbine, generator, controls, switchgear), selecting from several standard designs to fit the site conditions. Micro hydro projects use a diverse range of equipment; in the smaller sizes industrial centrifugal pumps can be used as turbines, with comparatively low purchase cost compared to purpose-built turbines.
Advantages The upper reservoir and dam of the Ffestiniog pumped storage scheme. 360 megawatts of electricity can be generated within 60 seconds of the need arising.EconomicsThe major advantage of hydroelectricity is elimination of the cost of fuel. The cost of operating a hydroelectric plant is nearly immune to increases in the cost of fossil fuels such as oil, natural gas or coal, and no imports are needed.
Hydroelectric plants also tend to have longer economic lives than fuel-fired generation, with some plants now in service which were built 50 to 100 years ago.[3] Operating labor cost is also usually low, as plants are automated and have few personnel on site during normal operation.
Where a dam serves multiple purposes, a hydroelectric plant may be added with relatively low construction cost, providing a useful revenue stream to offset the costs of dam operation. It has been calculated that the sale of electricity from the Three Gorges Dam will cover the construction costs after 5 to 8 years of full generation.[4]
Greenhouse gas emissionsSince hydroelectric dams do not burn fossil fuels, they do not directly produce carbon dioxide (a greenhouse gas). While some carbon dioxide is produced during manufacture and construction of the project, this is a tiny fraction of the operating emissions of equivalent fossil-fuel electricity generation.
Related activitiesReservoirs created by hydroelectric schemes often provide facilities for water sports, and become tourist attractions in themselves. In some countries, aquaculture in reservoirs is common. Multi-use dams installed for irrigation support agriculture with a relatively constant water supply. Large hydro dams can control floods, which would otherwise affect people living downstream of the project.
Disadvantages Recreational users must exercise extreme care when near hydroelectric dams, power plant intakes and spillways.[5]Environmental damageHydroelectric projects can be disruptive to surrounding aquatic ecosystems both upstream and downstream of the plant site. For instance, studies have shown that dams along the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of North America have reduced salmon populations by preventing access to spawning grounds upstream, even though most dams in salmon habitat have fish ladders installed. Salmon spawn are also harmed on their migration to sea when they must pass through turbines. This has led to some areas transporting smolt downstream by barge during parts of the year. In some cases dams have been demolished (for example the Marmot Dam demolished in 2007)[6] because of impact on fish. Turbine and power-plant designs that are easier on aquatic life are an active area of research. Mitigation measures such as fish ladders may be required at new projects or as a condition of re-licensing of existing projects.
Generation of hydroelectric power changes the downstream river environment. Water exiting a turbine usually contains very little suspended sediment, which can lead to scouring of river beds and loss of riverbanks.[7] Since turbine gates are often opened intermittently, rapid or even daily fluctuations in river flow are observed. For example, in the Grand Canyon, the daily cyclic flow variation caused by Glen Canyon Dam was found to be contributing to erosion of sand bars. Dissolved oxygen content of the water may change from pre-construction conditions. Depending on the location, water exiting from turbines is typically much warmer than the pre-dam water, which can change aquatic faunal populations, including endangered species, and prevent natural freezing processes from occurring. Some hydroelectric projects also use canals to divert a river at a shallower gradient to increase the head of the scheme. In some cases, the entire river may be diverted leaving a dry riverbed. Examples include the Tekapo and Pukaki Rivers.
Greenhouse gas emissions Bonnington hydroelectric power station, River Clyde, Scotland.The reservoirs of power plants in tropical regions may produce substantial amounts of methane and carbon dioxide. This is due to plant material in flooded areas decaying in an anaerobic environment, and forming methane, a very potent greenhouse gas. According to the World Commission on Dams report, where the reservoir is large compared to the generating capacity (less than 100 watts per square metre of surface area) and no clearing of the forests in the area was undertaken prior to impoundment of the reservoir, greenhouse gas emissions from the reservoir may be higher than those of a conventional oil-fired thermal generation plant.[8] Although these emissions represent carbon already in the biosphere, not fossil deposits that had been sequestered from the carbon cycle, there is a greater amount of methane due to anaerobic decay, causing greater damage than would otherwise have occurred had the forest decayed naturally.
The pipes supplying water from the River Clyde to Bonnington hydroelectric power station, Scotland.In boreal reservoirs of Canada and Northern Europe, however, greenhouse gas emissions are typically only 2% to 8% of any kind of conventional fossil-fuel thermal generation. A new class of underwater logging operation that targets drowned forests can mitigate the effect of forest decay.[9]
In 2007, International Rivers accused hydropower firms for cheating with fake carbon credits under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), for hydropower projects already finished or under construction at the moment they applied to join the CDM. These carbon credits – of hydropower projects under the CDM in developing countries – can be sold to companies and governments in rich countries, in order to comply with the Kyoto protocol.[10]
Population relocationAnother disadvantage of hydroelectric dams is the need to relocate the people living where the reservoirs are planned. In February 2008, it was estimated that 40-80 million people worldwide had been physically displaced as a direct result of dam construction.[11] In many cases, no amount of compensation can replace ancestral and cultural attachments to places that have spiritual value to the displaced population. Additionally, historically and culturally important sites can be flooded and lost. Such problems have arisen at the Three Gorges Dam project in China, the Clyde Dam in New Zealand and the Ilısu Dam in Southeastern Turkey.
Dam failuresFailures of large dams, while rare, are potentially serious — the Banqiao Dam failure in Southern China resulted in the deaths of 171,000 people and left millions homeless. Dams may be subject to enemy bombardment during wartime, sabotage and terrorism. Smaller dams and micro hydro facilities are less vulnerable to these threats. The creation of a dam in a geologically inappropriate location may cause disasters like the one of the Vajont Dam in Italy, where almost 2000 people died, in 1963.
Affected by flow shortageChanges in the amount of river flow will correlate with the amount of energy produced by a dam. Because of global warming, the volume of glaciers has decreased, such as the North Cascades glaciers, which have lost a third of their volume since 1950, resulting in stream flows that have decreased by as much as 34%.[12] The result of diminished river flow can be power shortages in areas that depend heavily on hydroelectric power.
Comparison with other methods of power generation This section includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please improve this article by introducing more precise citations where appropriate. (August 2008) The hydroelectric power station of Aswan Dam, Egypt Hydroelectric reservoir in Vianden, LuxembourgHydroelectricity eliminates the flue gas emissions from fossil fuel combustion, including pollutants such as sulfur dioxide, nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, dust, and mercury in the coal. Hydroelectricity also avoids the hazards of coal mining and the indirect health effects of coal emissions. Compared to nuclear power, hydroelectricity generates no nuclear waste, has none of the dangers associated with uranium mining, nor nuclear leaks. Unlike uranium, hydroelectricity is also a renewable energy source.
Compared to wind farms, hydroelectricity power plants have a more predictable load factor. If the project has a storage reservoir, it can be dispatched to generate power when needed. Hydroelectric plants can be easily regulated to follow variations in power demand.
Unlike fossil-fueled combustion turbines, construction of a hydroelectric plant requires a long lead-time for site studies, hydrological studies, and environmental impact assessment. Hydrological data up to 50 years or more is usually required to determine the best sites and operating regimes for a large hydroelectric plant. Unlike plants operated by fuel, such as fossil or nuclear energy, the number of sites that can be economically developed for hydroelectric production is limited; in many areas the most cost effective sites have already been exploited. New hydro sites tend to be far from population centers and require extensive transmission lines. Hydroelectric generation depends on rainfall in the watershed, and may be significantly reduced in years of low rainfall or snowmelt. Long-term energy yield may be affected by climate change. Utilities that primarily use hydroelectric power may spend additional capital to build extra capacity to ensure sufficient power is available in low water years.
In parts of Canada (the provinces of British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Newfoundland and Labrador) hydroelectricity is used so extensively that the word "hydro" is often used to refer to any electricity delivered by a power utility. The government-run power utilities in these provinces are called BC Hydro, Manitoba Hydro, Hydro One (formerly "Ontario Hydro"), Hydro-Québec and Newfoundland and Labrador Hydro respectively. Hydro-Québec is the world's largest hydroelectric generating company, with a total installed capacity (2007) of 35,647 MW, including 33,305 MW of hydroelectric generation[13].
Countries with the most hydro-electric capacityThe ranking of hydro-electric capacity is either by actual annual energy production or by installed capacity power rating. A hydro-electric plant rarely operates at its full power rating over a full year; the ratio between annual average power and installed capacity rating is the capacity factor. The installed capacity is the sum of all generator nameplate power ratings. Sources came from BP Statistical Review - Full Report 2009[14] List of the largest hydoelectric power stations. Norway produces 98-99% of its electricity from hydroelectric.[15]
Brazil, Canada, Norway and Venezuela are the only countries in the world where the majority of their internal electric energy production is from hydroelectric power.
Country Annual HydroelectricEnergy Production(TWh) InstalledCapacity (GW) CapacityFactor Percent ofall electricity People's Republic of China(2008)[16] 585.2 171.52 0.37 17.18 Canada 369.5 88.974 0.59 61.12 Brazil 363.8 69.080 0.56 85.56 USA 250.6 79.511 0.42 5.74 Russia 167.0 45.000 0.42 17.64 Norway 140.5 27.528 0.49 98.25[15] India 115.6 33.600 0.43 15.80 Venezuela 86.8 - - 67.17 Japan 69.2 27.229 0.37 7.21 Sweden 65.5 16.209 0.46 44.34 Paraguay(2006) 64.0 - - France 63.4 25.335 0.25 11.23
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Old hydro-electric power stations
Northern hemisphereAppleton, Wisconsin, USA completed 1882, A waterwheel on the Fox river supplied the first commercial hydroelectric power for lighting to two paper mills and a house, two years after Thomas Edison demonstrated incandescent lighting to the public. Within a matter of weeks of this installation, a power plant was also put into commercial service at Minneapolis. Niagara Falls, New York. For many years the largest hydroelectric power station in the world. Operation began locally in 1895 and power was transmitted to Buffalo, New York, in 1896. Decew Falls 1, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada completed 25 August 1898. Owned by Ontario Power Generation. Four units are still operational. Recognized as an IEEE Milestone in Electrical Engineering & Computing by the IEEE Executive Committee in 2002. Claverack Creek, in Stottville, New York, believed to be the oldest hydro power site in the United States. The turbine, a Morgan Smith, was constructed in 1869 and installed 2 years later. It is one of the earliest water wheel installations in the United States to generate electricity. It is owned today by Edison Hydro.[citation needed] The oldest continuously-operated commercial hydroelectric plant in the United States is built on the Hudson River at Mechanicville, New York. The seven 750 kW units at this station initially supplied power at a frequency of 38 Hz, but later were increased in speed to 40 Hz. It went into commercial service July 22,1898. It is now being restored to its original condition and remains in commercial operation.[17] The oldest continuously-operated hydroelectric generator in Canada is located in St. Stephen, New Brunswick, Canada. Part of the construction of the Milltown Cotton Mill, this rope-driven generator originally powered the electric lights for the mill when it opened in 1882, and in 1888 started providing power to homes in the town. NB Power now owns and operates this as part of the Milltown Dam hydroelectric station.
Southern hemisphereA small hydroelectric station, generating 650 kW, opened at Waratah, Tasmania, in 1885 Duck Reach, Launceston, Tasmania. Completed 1895. The first publicly owned hydro-electric plant in the Southern Hemisphere. Supplied power to the city of Launceston for street lighting. Chivilingo was the first hydroelectric plant in Chile and the second in South America. With first power produced in 1897, it has two Pelton wheel turbines each turning a 215 kW generator. It was installed to provide power to mines and the city of Lota, Chile.[18] The Snowy Mountains Scheme has turbines all along the tunnel so it, in some perspectives it is also another hydroelectric station. However it only operates during peak hours of the day and mostly during the evening and early night. It supplies electricity to all over the state of NSW.
Major schemes under construction This section includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please improve this article by introducing more precise citations where appropriate. (August 2008)
Only projects with generating capacity greater than or equal to 2,000 MW are listed.
Name Maximum Capacity Country Construction started Scheduled completion Comments Three Gorges Dam 22,500 MW China December 14, 1994 2011 Largest power plant in the world. First power in July 2003, with 12,600 MW installed by October 2007. Xiluodu Dam 12,600 MW China December 26, 2005 2015 Construction once stopped due to lack of environmental impact study. Siang Upper HE Project 11,000 MW India April, 2009 2024 Multi-phase construction over a period of 15 years. Construction was delayed due to dispute with China. Xiangjiaba Dam 6,400 MW China November 26, 2006 2015 Longtan Dam 6,300 MW China July 1, 2001 December 2009 Nuozhadu Dam 5,850 MW China 2006 2017 Jinping 2 Hydropower Station 4,800 MW China January 30, 2007 2014 To build this dam, 23 families and 129 local residents need to be moved. It works with Jinping 1 Hydropower Station as a group. Laxiwa Dam 4,200 MW China April 18, 2006 2010 Xiaowan Dam 4,200 MW China January 1, 2002 December 2012 Jinping 1 Hydropower Station 3,600 MW China November 11, 2005 2014 Pubugou Dam 3,300 MW China March 30, 2004 2010 Goupitan Dam 3,000 MW China November 8, 2003 2011 Guanyinyan Dam 3,000 MW China 2008 2015 Construction of the roads and spillway started. Lianghekou Dam[19] 3,000 MW China 2009 2015 Boguchan Dam 3,000 MW Russia 1980 2012 Chapetón 3,000 MW Argentina Dagangshan 2,600 MW China August 15, 2008[20] 2014 Jinanqiao Dam 2,400 MW China December 2006 2010 Guandi Dam 2,400 MW China Novermber 11 2007 2012 Liyuan Dam 2,400 MW China 2008[21] Tocoma Dam Bolívar State 2,160 MW Venezuela 2004 2014 This new power plant would be the last development in the Low Caroni Basin, bringing the total to six power plants on the same river, including the 10,000MW Guri Dam.[22] Ludila Dam 2,100 MW China 2007 2015 Construction halt due to lack of the evnironmental assessment. Bureya Dam 2,010 MW Russia 1978 2009 Shuangjiangkou Dam 2,000 MW China December, 2007[23] The dam will be 314 m high. Ahai Dam 2,000 MW China July 27, 2006 Lower Subansiri Dam 2,000 MW India 2005 2010
Proposed major hydroelectric projects This section includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please improve this article by introducing more precise citations where appropriate. (August 2008)
Only projects with generating capacity greater than or equal to 2,000 MW are listed.
Name Maximum Capacity Country Construction starts Scheduled completion Comments Red Sea dam 50,000 MW Middle East Unknown Unknown Still in planning, would be largest dam in the world Grand Inga 40,000 MW Democratic Republic of the Congo 2010 Unknown Baihetan Dam 13,050 MW China 2009 2015 Still in planning Wudongde Dam 7,500 MW China 2009 2015 Still in planning Rampart Dam 4,500 MW United States Canceled Maji Dam 4,200 MW China 2008 2013 Songta Dam 4,200 MW China 2008 2013 Liangjiaren Dam 4,000 MW China 2009 2015 Still in planning Jirau Dam 3,300 MW Brazil 2007 2012 Pati Dam 3,300 MW Argentina Santo Antônio Dam 3,150 MW Brazil 2007 2012 Dibang 3,000 MW India Lower Churchill 2,800 MW Canada 2009 2014 HidroAysén 2,750 MW Chile 2020 Lenggu Dam 2,718 MW China 2015 Subansiri Upper HE Project 2,500 MW India 2012 Unknown Changheba Dam 2,200 MW China 2009 2015 Banduo 1 Dam 2,000 MW China 2009
Cost
United StatesIn the United States, a study is required before constructing a hydroelectric project. In 2008, a study could cost up to $50,000 for a 100 feet (30 m) run of a stream. Both federal and state licenses were required. A license typically cost between $150,000 and $1 million. A project earns money from the sale of energy, the sale of capacity, and the sale of renewable energy credits.[24]
See alsoRenewable energy BiofuelBiomassGeothermalHydropowerSolar powerTidal powerWave powerWind power Energy portal Topics:
Environmental concerns with electricity generation Environmental impacts of dams Hydropower Pumped-storage hydroelectricity Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity Small hydro

Agricultural output in 2008
Industrial output in 2008
Service output in 2008This is a list of countries by GDP sector composition based on nominal GDP estimates and sector composition ratios provided by the CIA World Fact Book at market or government official exchange rates with figures in millions of United States dollars.

Agricultural sector
Agriculture (a term which encompasses farming) is the process of producing food, feed, fiber and other goods by the systematic raising of plants and animals. Agricultural output is a component of the nominal Gross Domestic Product of a nation. Though China and the EU lead the world in agricultural output, the US still leads the world in agricultural productivity per farmer among large economies.[citation needed]

Industrial sector
Industry is the segment of economy concerned with production of goods (including fuels and fertilisers). Industrial output is a component of the nominal Gross domestic product of a nation. The proliferation of "Made in China" labels clearly signify the next wave of industrial revolution in the modern era.

Service sector
A service is the non-material equivalent of a good. Service provision is defined as an economic activity that does not result in ownership, and this is what differentiates it from providing physical goods. It is claimed to be a process that creates benefits by facilitating either a change in customers, a change in their physical possessions, or a change in their intangible assets. Service output is a component of the nominal Gross domestic product of a nation. Gigantic supermarkets, luxury showrooms and serviced offices are peculiar features of the advanced economies.[citation needed]

If the economy continues moving at the same rate, China should overtake Germany as 3rd ranking in 2009, Japan as second in 2012 and should replace the United States of America as the world's biggest economy on earth in 2030, meaning that the United States will have been the world's richest nation for 90 years. Great Britain was the world's richest nation and had the largest economy from May 1759 till November 1940.

On a similar note, India should overtake Germany in 2020 and Japan in 2023. It could well put the United States into third position by 2041, although this speculation would assume similar average rates of growth over the next 30 years.

The position of the European Union is unclear, as there is much debate as to whether it will ever be one united country.

It should be noted that the service sector includes (but is not limited to) farm and factory related activities.


'Nominal GDP sector composition, January 2008 (sortable)
Composition in percentages Composition in million dollars

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Country GDP Agri. Indus. Serv. Agri. Indus. Serv.
World &0000000046660000.00000046,660,000 4% 32% 64% &0000000001866400.0000001,866,400 &0000000014931200.00000014,931,200 &0000000029862400.00000029,862,400
European Union &0000000013620000.00000013,620,000 2.1% 27.3% 70.5% &0000000000286020.000000286,020 &0000000003718260.0000003,718,260 &0000000009602100.0000009,602,100
United States &0000000013220000.00000013,220,000 0.9% 20.4% 78.6% &0000000000118980.000000118,980 &0000000002696880.0000002,696,880 &0000000010390920.00000010,390,920
Japan &0000000004911000.0000004,911,000 1.6% 25.3% 73.1% &0000000000078576.00000078,576 &0000000001242483.0000001,242,483 &0000000003589941.0000003,589,941
Germany &0000000002858000.0000002,858,000 0.9% 29.1% 70% &0000000000025722.00000025,722 &0000000000831678.000000831,678 &0000000002000600.0000002,000,600
People's Republic of China &0000000002512000.0000002,512,000 11.9% 48.1% 40% &0000000000298928.000000298,928 &0000000001208272.0000001,208,272 &0000000001004800.0000001,004,800
United Kingdom &0000000002341000.0000002,341,000 1% 25.6% 73.4% &0000000000023410.00000023,410 &0000000000599296.000000599,296 &0000000001718294.0000001,718,294
France &0000000002154000.0000002,154,000 2.2% 20.6% 77.2% &0000000000047388.00000047,388 &0000000000443724.000000443,724 &0000000001662888.0000001,662,888
Italy &0000000001780000.0000001,780,000 2% 29.1% 69% &0000000000035600.00000035,600 &0000000000517980.000000517,980 &0000000001228200.0000001,228,200
Brazil &0000000001566253.0000001,566,253 8% 38% 54% &0000000000125300.000000125,300 &0000000000595176.000000595,176 &0000000000845777.000000845,777
Canada &0000000001089000.0000001,089,000 2.3% 29.2% 68.5% &0000000000025047.00000025,047 &0000000000317988.000000317,988 &0000000000745965.000000745,965
Spain &0000000001081000.0000001,081,000 3.9% 29.4% 66.7% &0000000000042159.00000042,159 &0000000000317814.000000317,814 &0000000000721027.000000721,027
India &0000000000796100.000000796,100 19.9% 19.3% 60.7% &0000000000158424.000000158,424 &0000000000153647.000000153,647 &0000000000483233.000000483,233
South Korea &0000000000768500.000000768,500 3.3% 40.7% 56% &0000000000025361.00000025,361 &0000000000312780.000000312,780 &0000000000430360.000000430,360
Mexico &0000000000741500.000000741,500 3.9% 25.7% 70.5% &0000000000028919.00000028,919 &0000000000190566.000000190,566 &0000000000522757.000000522,757
Russia &0000000000733000.000000733,000 5.3% 36.6% 58.2% &0000000000038849.00000038,849 &0000000000268278.000000268,278 &0000000000426606.000000426,606
Australia &0000000000645300.000000645,300 3.8% 26.2% 70% &0000000000024521.00000024,521 &0000000000169069.000000169,069 &0000000000451710.000000451,710
Netherlands &0000000000612700.000000612,700 2.1% 23.9% 73.9% &0000000000012867.00000012,867 &0000000000146435.000000146,435 &0000000000452785.000000452,785
Switzerland &0000000000386800.000000386,800 1.5% 34% 64.5% &0000000000005802.0000005,802 &0000000000131512.000000131,512 &0000000000249486.000000249,486
Sweden &0000000000371500.000000371,500 1.1% 28.1% 70.9% &0000000000004087.0000004,087 &0000000000104392.000000104,392 &0000000000263394.000000263,394
Belgium &0000000000367800.000000367,800 1% 24% 74.9% &0000000000003678.0000003,678 &0000000000088272.00000088,272 &0000000000275482.000000275,482
Turkey &0000000000358200.000000358,200 11.2% 29.4% 59.4% &0000000000040118.00000040,118 &0000000000105311.000000105,311 &0000000000212771.000000212,771
Taiwan &0000000000353900.000000353,900 1.5% 25.2% 73.3% &0000000000005309.0000005,309 &0000000000089183.00000089,183 &0000000000259409.000000259,409
Austria &0000000000309300.000000309,300 1.8% 30.4% 67.8% &0000000000005567.0000005,567 &0000000000094027.00000094,027 &0000000000209705.000000209,705
Saudi Arabia &0000000000286200.000000286,200 3.3% 67% 29.8% &0000000000009445.0000009,445 &0000000000191754.000000191,754 &0000000000085288.00000085,288
Poland &0000000000265400.000000265,400 4.8% 31.2% 64% &0000000000012739.00000012,739 &0000000000082805.00000082,805 &0000000000169856.000000169,856
Indonesia &0000000000264400.000000264,400 13.1% 46% 41% &0000000000034636.00000034,636 &0000000000121624.000000121,624 &0000000000108404.000000108,404
Norway &0000000000261700.000000261,700 2.3% 41.4% 56.3% &0000000000006019.0000006,019 &0000000000108344.000000108,344 &0000000000147337.000000147,337
Denmark &0000000000256300.000000256,300 1.4% 24.6% 74% &0000000000003588.0000003,588 &0000000000063050.00000063,050 &0000000000189662.000000189,662
Greece &0000000000222500.000000222,500 5.1% 20.6% 74.4% &0000000000011348.00000011,348 &0000000000045835.00000045,835 &0000000000165540.000000165,540
Argentina &0000000000210000.000000210,000 9.5% 35.8% 54.7% &0000000000019950.00000019,950 &0000000000075180.00000075,180 &0000000000114870.000000114,870
Ireland &0000000000202900.000000202,900 5% 46% 49% &0000000000010145.00000010,145 &0000000000093334.00000093,334 &0000000000099421.00000099,421
South Africa &0000000000200500.000000200,500 2.6% 30.3% 67.1% &0000000000005213.0000005,213 &0000000000060752.00000060,752 &0000000000134536.000000134,536
Ukraine &0000000000198000.000000198,000 9.3% 31.7% 58.9% &0000000000018414.00000018,414 &0000000000062766.00000062,766 &0000000000116622.000000116,622
Thailand &0000000000196600.000000196,600 10% 44.9% 45.2% &0000000000019660.00000019,660 &0000000000088273.00000088,273 &0000000000088863.00000088,863
Finland &0000000000196200.000000196,200 2.7% 30.3% 67% &0000000000005297.0000005,297 &0000000000059449.00000059,449 &0000000000131454.000000131,454
Iran &0000000000194800.000000194,800 11.2% 41.7% 47.1% &0000000000021818.00000021,818 &0000000000081232.00000081,232 &0000000000091751.00000091,751
Hong Kong &0000000000187100.000000187,100 0.1% 9% 90.9% &0000000000000187.000000187 &0000000000016839.00000016,839 &0000000000170074.000000170,074
Romania &0000000000179170.000000179,170 10.1% 34.7% 55.2% &0000000000018096.00000018,096 &0000000000062172.00000062,172 &0000000000098902.00000098,902
Portugal &0000000000176600.000000176,600 6.6% 28.6% 64.9% &0000000000011656.00000011,656 &0000000000050508.00000050,508 &0000000000114613.000000114,613
Venezuela &0000000000147900.000000147,900 3.7% 41% 55.3% &0000000000005472.0000005,472 &0000000000060639.00000060,639 &0000000000081789.00000081,789
Malaysia &0000000000131800.000000131,800 8.3% 48.1% 43.6% &0000000000010939.00000010,939 &0000000000063396.00000063,396 &0000000000057465.00000057,465
Pakistan &0000000000124000.000000124,000 22% 26% 52% &0000000000027280.00000027,280 &0000000000032240.00000032,240 &0000000000064480.00000064,480
Israel &0000000000121600.000000121,600 2.6% 30.8% 66.6% &0000000000003162.0000003,162 &0000000000037453.00000037,453 &0000000000080986.00000080,986
Singapore &0000000000121500.000000121,500 0% 33.8% 66.2% &-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1.0000000 &0000000000041067.00000041,067 &0000000000080433.00000080,433
Czech Republic &0000000000118900.000000118,900 2.8% 37.8% 59.4% &0000000000003329.0000003,329 &0000000000044944.00000044,944 &0000000000070627.00000070,627
Hungary &0000000000113100.000000113,100 3.1% 32.1% 64.8% &0000000000003506.0000003,506 &0000000000036305.00000036,305 &0000000000073289.00000073,289
United Arab Emirates &0000000000110600.000000110,600 2.3% 61.9% 35.8% &0000000000002544.0000002,544 &0000000000068461.00000068,461 &0000000000039595.00000039,595
Colombia &0000000000105500.000000105,500 12% 35.2% 52.7% &0000000000012660.00000012,660 &0000000000037136.00000037,136 &0000000000055599.00000055,599
Chile &0000000000100300.000000100,300 5.9% 49.3% 44.7% &0000000000005918.0000005,918 &0000000000049448.00000049,448 &0000000000044834.00000044,834
New Zealand &0000000000098770.00000098,770 4.3% 26.9% 68.8% &0000000000004247.0000004,247 &0000000000026569.00000026,569 &0000000000067954.00000067,954
Philippines &0000000000098480.00000098,480 14.3% 32.1% 53.7% &0000000000014083.00000014,083 &0000000000031612.00000031,612 &0000000000052884.00000052,884
Algeria &0000000000092220.00000092,220 9.4% 58.1% 32.5% &0000000000008669.0000008,669 &0000000000053580.00000053,580 &0000000000029972.00000029,972
Egypt &0000000000084510.00000084,510 14.7% 35.5% 49.8% &0000000000012423.00000012,423 &0000000000030001.00000030,001 &0000000000042086.00000042,086
Nigeria &0000000000083360.00000083,360 17.3% 53.2% 29.5% &0000000000014421.00000014,421 &0000000000044348.00000044,348 &0000000000024591.00000024,591
Peru &0000000000076090.00000076,090 8.5% 26.4% 53.1% &0000000000006468.0000006,468 &0000000000020088.00000020,088 &0000000000040404.00000040,404
Bangladesh &0000000000069020.00000069,020 19.9% 20.6% 59.5% &0000000000013735.00000013,735 &0000000000014218.00000014,218 &0000000000041067.00000041,067
Kuwait &0000000000058300.00000058,300 0.4% 48.3% 51.3% &0000000000000233.000000233 &0000000000028159.00000028,159 &0000000000029908.00000029,908
Morocco &0000000000056720.00000056,720 13.3% 31.2% 55.5% &0000000000007544.0000007,544 &0000000000017697.00000017,697 &0000000000031480.00000031,480
Kazakhstan &0000000000052600.00000052,600 6.3% 41.1% 52.7% &0000000000003314.0000003,314 &0000000000021619.00000021,619 &0000000000027720.00000027,720
Vietnam &0000000000048260.00000048,260 20.1% 41.8% 38.1% &0000000000009700.0000009,700 &0000000000020173.00000020,173 &0000000000018387.00000018,387
Slovakia &0000000000046900.00000046,900 3.8% 31.4% 64.8% &0000000000001782.0000001,782 &0000000000014727.00000014,727 &0000000000030391.00000030,391
Iraq &0000000000046500.00000046,500 7.3% 66.6% 26.1% &0000000000003395.0000003,395 &0000000000030969.00000030,969 &0000000000012137.00000012,137
Cuba &0000000000040000.00000040,000 5.1% 27.2% 67.6% &0000000000002040.0000002,040 &0000000000010880.00000010,880 &0000000000027040.00000027,040
Slovenia &0000000000037640.00000037,640 2.3% 34.7% 62.9% &0000000000000866.000000866 &0000000000013061.00000013,061 &0000000000023676.00000023,676
Croatia &0000000000037350.00000037,350 6.8% 30.9% 62.3% &0000000000002540.0000002,540 &0000000000011541.00000011,541 &0000000000023269.00000023,269
Libya &0000000000034830.00000034,830 7.3% 51.3% 41.4% &0000000000002543.0000002,543 &0000000000017868.00000017,868 &0000000000014420.00000014,420
Luxembourg &0000000000034370.00000034,370 1% 13% 86% &0000000000000344.000000344 &0000000000004468.0000004,468 &0000000000029558.00000029,558
Tunisia &0000000000032950.00000032,950 12.8% 31% 56.2% &0000000000004218.0000004,218 &0000000000010215.00000010,215 &0000000000018518.00000018,518
Ecuador &0000000000032570.00000032,570 6.3% 33.5% 60.2% &0000000000002052.0000002,052 &0000000000010911.00000010,911 &0000000000019607.00000019,607
Qatar &0000000000030760.00000030,760 0.1% 77.2% 22.6% &0000000000000031.00000031 &0000000000023747.00000023,747 &0000000000006952.0000006,952
Guatemala &0000000000028840.00000028,840 22.5% 18.8% 58.7% &0000000000006489.0000006,489 &0000000000005422.0000005,422 &0000000000016929.00000016,929
Belarus &0000000000028560.00000028,560 9.3% 31.6% 59.1% &0000000000002656.0000002,656 &0000000000009025.0000009,025 &0000000000016879.00000016,879
Angola &0000000000028370.00000028,370 9.6% 65.8% 24.6% &0000000000002724.0000002,724 &0000000000018667.00000018,667 &0000000000006979.0000006,979
Bulgaria &0000000000027850.00000027,850 8.9% 30.1% 61% &0000000000002479.0000002,479 &0000000000008383.0000008,383 &0000000000016989.00000016,989
Oman &0000000000027230.00000027,230 2.6% 38.8% 58.7% &0000000000000708.000000708 &0000000000010565.00000010,565 &0000000000015984.00000015,984
Syria &0000000000027230.00000027,230 25.5% 22.1% 52.4% &0000000000006944.0000006,944 &0000000000006018.0000006,018 &0000000000014269.00000014,269
Lithuania &0000000000025780.00000025,780 5.5% 33.3% 61.2% &0000000000001418.0000001,418 &0000000000008585.0000008,585 &0000000000015777.00000015,777
Sudan &0000000000025500.00000025,500 35.5% 24.8% 39.7% &0000000000009053.0000009,053 &0000000000006324.0000006,324 &0000000000010124.00000010,124
Sri Lanka &0000000000023520.00000023,520 17.3% 27.3% 55.3% &0000000000004069.0000004,069 &0000000000006421.0000006,421 &0000000000013007.00000013,007
Costa Rica &0000000000020770.00000020,770 8.6% 31% 60.4% &0000000000001786.0000001,786 &0000000000006439.0000006,439 &0000000000012545.00000012,545
Dominican Republic &0000000000019910.00000019,910 11.2% 30.6% 58.2% &0000000000002230.0000002,230 &0000000000006092.0000006,092 &0000000000011588.00000011,588
Lebanon &0000000000019620.00000019,620 7% 21% 72% &0000000000001373.0000001,373 &0000000000004120.0000004,120 &0000000000014126.00000014,126
Serbia &0000000000019190.00000019,190 16.6% 25.5% 57.9% &0000000000003186.0000003,186 &0000000000004893.0000004,893 &0000000000011111.00000011,111
Kenya &0000000000017390.00000017,390 16.3% 18.8% 65% &0000000000002835.0000002,835 &0000000000003269.0000003,269 &0000000000011304.00000011,304
Cote d'Ivoire &0000000000017190.00000017,190 27% 18.5% 54.5% &0000000000004641.0000004,641 &0000000000003180.0000003,180 &0000000000009369.0000009,369
Cameroon &0000000000016370.00000016,370 45.2% 16.1% 38.7% &0000000000007399.0000007,399 &0000000000002636.0000002,636 &0000000000006335.0000006,335
Republic of Cyprus &0000000000016350.00000016,350 3.7% 19.6% 76.8% &0000000000000605.000000605 &0000000000003205.0000003,205 &0000000000012557.00000012,557
Panama &0000000000016200.00000016,200 7.2% 16.4% 76.4% &0000000000001166.0000001,166 &0000000000002657.0000002,657 &0000000000012377.00000012,377
Turkmenistan &0000000000016160.00000016,160 24.4% 33.9% 41.7% &0000000000003943.0000003,943 &0000000000005478.0000005,478 &0000000000006739.0000006,739
Latvia &0000000000016130.00000016,130 3.7% 26.3% 70% &0000000000000597.000000597 &0000000000004242.0000004,242 &0000000000011291.00000011,291
Yemen &0000000000015160.00000015,160 12.5% 43.8% 43.7% &0000000000001895.0000001,895 &0000000000006640.0000006,640 &0000000000006625.0000006,625
El Salvador &0000000000015140.00000015,140 9.7% 29.6% 60.7% &0000000000001469.0000001,469 &0000000000004481.0000004,481 &0000000000009190.0000009,190
Trinidad and Tobago &0000000000014990.00000014,990 0.7% 57.7% 41.5% &0000000000000105.000000105 &0000000000008649.0000008,649 &0000000000006221.0000006,221
Uruguay &0000000000014300.00000014,300 9.3% 33.7% 57% &0000000000001330.0000001,330 &0000000000004819.0000004,819 &0000000000008151.0000008,151
Azerbaijan &0000000000014050.00000014,050 14.1% 45.7% 40.2% &0000000000001981.0000001,981 &0000000000006421.0000006,421 &0000000000005648.0000005,648
Iceland &0000000000013850.00000013,850 8.4% 15.6% 76% &0000000000001163.0000001,163 &0000000000002161.0000002,161 &0000000000010526.00000010,526
Estonia &0000000000013620.00000013,620 3.4% 28% 68.6% &0000000000000463.000000463 &0000000000003814.0000003,814 &0000000000009343.0000009,343
Tanzania &0000000000013130.00000013,130 43.3% 17.7% 39% &0000000000005685.0000005,685 &0000000000002324.0000002,324 &0000000000005121.0000005,121
Jordan &0000000000012320.00000012,320 3.6% 30.5% 65.9% &0000000000000444.000000444 &0000000000003758.0000003,758 &0000000000008119.0000008,119
Bahrain &0000000000012120.00000012,120 0.5% 38.7% 60.8% &0000000000000061.00000061 &0000000000004690.0000004,690 &0000000000007369.0000007,369
Macau &0000000000011560.00000011,560 0.1% 7.2% 92.7% &0000000000000012.00000012 &0000000000000832.000000832 &0000000000010716.00000010,716
Uzbekistan &0000000000010780.00000010,780 31.1% 25.7% 43.2% &0000000000003353.0000003,353 &0000000000002770.0000002,770 &0000000000004657.0000004,657
Bolivia &0000000000010220.00000010,220 12.8% 36.1% 51.2% &0000000000001308.0000001,308 &0000000000003689.0000003,689 &0000000000005233.0000005,233
Ghana &0000000000010180.00000010,180 37.3% 25.3% 37.5% &0000000000003797.0000003,797 &0000000000002576.0000002,576 &0000000000003818.0000003,818
Ethiopia &0000000000009789.0000009,789 49.2% 9.1% 41.7% &0000000000004816.0000004,816 &0000000000000891.000000891 &0000000000004082.0000004,082
Botswana &0000000000009697.0000009,697 2.4% 46.9% 50.7% &0000000000000233.000000233 &0000000000004548.0000004,548 &0000000000004916.0000004,916
Albania &0000000000009306.0000009,306 23.3% 18.8% 57.9% &0000000000002168.0000002,168 &0000000000001750.0000001,750 &0000000000005388.0000005,388
Bosnia and Herzegovina &0000000000009158.0000009,158 14.2% 30.8% 55% &0000000000001300.0000001,300 &0000000000002821.0000002,821 &0000000000005037.0000005,037
Jamaica &0000000000008579.0000008,579 5.3% 33.9% 60.8% &0000000000000455.000000455 &0000000000002908.0000002,908 &0000000000005216.0000005,216
Senegal &0000000000008562.0000008,562 18.3% 19.2% 62.5% &0000000000001567.0000001,567 &0000000000001644.0000001,644 &0000000000005351.0000005,351
Uganda &0000000000008502.0000008,502 29.4% 22.1% 48.5% &0000000000002500.0000002,500 &0000000000001879.0000001,879 &0000000000004123.0000004,123
Honduras &0000000000008414.0000008,414 13.6% 31.4% 55% &0000000000001144.0000001,144 &0000000000002642.0000002,642 &0000000000004628.0000004,628
Dem. Rep. of the Congo &0000000000008061.0000008,061 55% 11% 34% &0000000000004434.0000004,434 &0000000000000887.000000887 &0000000000002741.0000002,741
Myanmar &0000000000007845.0000007,845 54.7% 10.6% 34.7% &0000000000004291.0000004,291 &0000000000000832.000000832 &0000000000002722.0000002,722
Paraguay &0000000000007696.0000007,696 22.4% 18.4% 59.2% &0000000000001724.0000001,724 &0000000000001416.0000001,416 &0000000000004556.0000004,556
Equatorial Guinea &0000000000007644.0000007,644 2.8% 92.6% 4.5% &0000000000000214.000000214 &0000000000007078.0000007,078 &0000000000000344.000000344
Nepal &0000000000007154.0000007,154 38% 21% 41% &0000000000002719.0000002,719 &0000000000001502.0000001,502 &0000000000002933.0000002,933
Mauritius &0000000000007135.0000007,135 5.1% 25.2% 69.7% &0000000000000364.000000364 &0000000000001798.0000001,798 &0000000000004973.0000004,973
Afghanistan &0000000000007095.0000007,095 38% 24% 38% &0000000000002696.0000002,696 &0000000000001703.0000001,703 &0000000000002696.0000002,696
Gabon &0000000000007052.0000007,052 5.9% 59.7% 34.4% &0000000000000416.000000416 &0000000000004210.0000004,210 &0000000000002426.0000002,426
Armenia &0000000000006600.0000006,600 23.9% 32.8% 43.3% &0000000000001577.0000001,577 &0000000000002165.0000002,165 &0000000000002858.0000002,858
Mozambique &0000000000006431.0000006,431 21.1% 30.9% 48% &0000000000001357.0000001,357 &0000000000001987.0000001,987 &0000000000003087.0000003,087
The Bahamas &0000000000006159.0000006,159 3% 7% 90% &0000000000000185.000000185 &0000000000000431.000000431 &0000000000005543.0000005,543
Haiti &0000000000005947.0000005,947 28% 20% 52% &0000000000001665.0000001,665 &0000000000001189.0000001,189 &0000000000003092.0000003,092
Mali &0000000000005847.0000005,847 45% 17% 38% &0000000000002631.0000002,631 &0000000000000994.000000994 &0000000000002222.0000002,222
Burkina Faso &0000000000005821.0000005,821 32.6% 19.7% 47.7% &0000000000001898.0000001,898 &0000000000001147.0000001,147 &0000000000002777.0000002,777
Zambia &0000000000005806.0000005,806 19.9% 28.9% 51.2% &0000000000001155.0000001,155 &0000000000001678.0000001,678 &0000000000002973.0000002,973
Rep. of Macedonia &0000000000005649.0000005,649 13% 27.7% 59.3% &0000000000000734.000000734 &0000000000001565.0000001,565 &0000000000003350.0000003,350
Brunei &0000000000005486.0000005,486 3.6% 56.1% 40.3% &0000000000000197.000000197 &0000000000003078.0000003,078 &0000000000002211.0000002,211
Malta &0000000000005390.0000005,390 3% 23% 74% &0000000000000162.000000162 &0000000000001240.0000001,240 &0000000000003989.0000003,989
Namibia &0000000000005304.0000005,304 11.8% 30.2% 58.1% &0000000000000626.000000626 &0000000000001602.0000001,602 &0000000000003082.0000003,082
Georgia (country) &0000000000005272.0000005,272 17.7% 27.5% 54.8% &0000000000000933.000000933 &0000000000001450.0000001,450 &0000000000002889.0000002,889
Chad &0000000000005255.0000005,255 32.5% 26.6% 40.8% &0000000000001708.0000001,708 &0000000000001398.0000001,398 &0000000000002144.0000002,144
Cambodia &0000000000005122.0000005,122 35% 30% 35% &0000000000001793.0000001,793 &0000000000001537.0000001,537 &0000000000001793.0000001,793
Madagascar &0000000000005097.0000005,097 26.9% 16.5% 56.6% &0000000000001371.0000001,371 &0000000000000841.000000841 &0000000000002885.0000002,885
Rep. of the Congo &0000000000005093.0000005,093 6.2% 55.3% 38.5% &0000000000000316.000000316 &0000000000002816.0000002,816 &0000000000001961.0000001,961
Nicaragua &0000000000004816.0000004,816 17.3% 25.8% 56.8% &0000000000000833.000000833 &0000000000001243.0000001,243 &0000000000002735.0000002,735
Benin &0000000000004622.0000004,622 32.8% 13.7% 53.5% &0000000000001516.0000001,516 &0000000000000633.000000633 &0000000000002473.0000002,473
Papua New Guinea &0000000000004148.0000004,148 35.7% 37.1% 27.2% &0000000000001481.0000001,481 &0000000000001539.0000001,539 &0000000000001128.0000001,128
Guinea &0000000000003737.0000003,737 23.7% 36.1% 40.2% &0000000000000886.000000886 &0000000000001349.0000001,349 &0000000000001502.0000001,502
Niger &0000000000003638.0000003,638 39% 17% 44% &0000000000001419.0000001,419 &0000000000000618.000000618 &0000000000001601.0000001,601
Zimbabwe &0000000000003146.0000003,146 17.7% 22.9% 59.4% &0000000000000557.000000557 &0000000000000720.000000720 &0000000000001869.0000001,869
Laos &0000000000002768.0000002,768 43.4% 30.6% 26% &0000000000001201.0000001,201 &0000000000000847.000000847 &0000000000000720.000000720
West Bank & Gaza Strip &0000000000003450.0000003,450 8% 18.2% 73.9% &0000000000000276.000000276 &0000000000000628.000000628 &0000000000002550.0000002,550
Barbados &0000000000003157.0000003,157 6% 16% 78% &0000000000000189.000000189 &0000000000000505.000000505 &0000000000002462.0000002,462
Guernsey &0000000000002742.0000002,742 3% 10% 87% &0000000000000082.00000082 &0000000000000274.000000274 &0000000000002386.0000002,386
Moldova &0000000000002588.0000002,588 21.5% 22% 56.5% &0000000000000556.000000556 &0000000000000569.000000569 &0000000000001462.0000001,462
Liechtenstein &0000000000002487.0000002,487 6% 39% 55% &0000000000000149.000000149 &0000000000000970.000000970 &0000000000001368.0000001,368
Somalia &0000000000002483.0000002,483 65% 10% 25% &0000000000001614.0000001,614 &0000000000000248.000000248 &0000000000000621.000000621
Isle of Man &0000000000002260.0000002,260 1% 13% 86% &0000000000000023.00000023 &0000000000000294.000000294 &0000000000001944.0000001,944
Aruba &0000000000002258.0000002,258 0.4% 33.3% 66.3% &0000000000000009.0000009 &0000000000000752.000000752 &0000000000001497.0000001,497
Kyrgyzstan &0000000000002240.0000002,240 34.5% 19.5% 46.1% &0000000000000773.000000773 &0000000000000437.000000437 &0000000000001033.0000001,033
Swaziland &0000000000002212.0000002,212 11.8% 51.4% 36.8% &0000000000000261.000000261 &0000000000001137.0000001,137 &0000000000000814.000000814
Malawi &0000000000002172.0000002,172 35.4% 17.6% 47% &0000000000000769.000000769 &0000000000000382.000000382 &0000000000001021.0000001,021
Togo &0000000000002109.0000002,109 39.5% 20.4% 40.1% &0000000000000833.000000833 &0000000000000430.000000430 &0000000000000846.000000846
Tajikistan &0000000000002066.0000002,066 22.7% 28.5% 48.8% &0000000000000469.000000469 &0000000000000589.000000589 &0000000000001008.0000001,008
Fiji &0000000000002038.0000002,038 8.9% 13.5% 77.6% &0000000000000181.000000181 &0000000000000275.000000275 &0000000000001581.0000001,581
Rwanda &0000000000001968.0000001,968 39.4% 23.3% 37.3% &0000000000000775.000000775 &0000000000000459.000000459 &0000000000000734.000000734
Mauritania &0000000000001641.0000001,641 25% 29% 46% &0000000000000410.000000410 &0000000000000476.000000476 &0000000000000755.000000755
Central African Republic &0000000000001542.0000001,542 55% 20% 25% &0000000000000848.000000848 &0000000000000308.000000308 &0000000000000386.000000386
Mongolia &0000000000001540.0000001,540 20.6% 21.4% 58% &0000000000000317.000000317 &0000000000000330.000000330 &0000000000000893.000000893
Lesotho &0000000000001419.0000001,419 16.1% 43% 40.9% &0000000000000228.000000228 &0000000000000610.000000610 &0000000000000580.000000580
Suriname &0000000000001398.0000001,398 13% 22% 65% &0000000000000182.000000182 &0000000000000308.000000308 &0000000000000909.000000909
Eritrea &0000000000001244.0000001,244 9.9% 25.4% 64.6% &0000000000000123.000000123 &0000000000000316.000000316 &0000000000000804.000000804
Sierra Leone &0000000000001233.0000001,233 49% 31% 21% &0000000000000604.000000604 &0000000000000382.000000382 &0000000000000259.000000259
Belize &0000000000001141.0000001,141 22.5% 14.8% 62.6% &0000000000000257.000000257 &0000000000000169.000000169 &0000000000000714.000000714
Cape Verde &0000000000001128.0000001,128 12.1% 21.9% 66% &0000000000000136.000000136 &0000000000000247.000000247 &0000000000000744.000000744
Antigua and Barbuda &0000000000000905.000000905 3.8% 22% 74.3% &0000000000000034.00000034 &0000000000000199.000000199 &0000000000000672.000000672
Liberia &0000000000000902.900000902.9 76.9% 5.4% 17.7% &0000000000000694.000000694 &0000000000000049.00000049 &0000000000000160.000000160
Bhutan &0000000000000840.500000840.5 25.8% 37.9% 36.3% &0000000000000217.000000217 &0000000000000319.000000319 &0000000000000305.000000305
British Virgin Islands &0000000000000839.700000839.7 1.8% 6.2% 92% &0000000000000015.00000015 &0000000000000052.00000052 &0000000000000773.000000773
Guyana &0000000000000826.600000826.6 35.5% 19.3% 45.2% &0000000000000293.000000293 &0000000000000160.000000160 &0000000000000374.000000374
Saint Lucia &0000000000000825.000000825 5% 15% 80% &0000000000000041.00000041 &0000000000000124.000000124 &0000000000000660.000000660
Maldives &0000000000000817.000000817 20% 18% 62% &0000000000000163.000000163 &0000000000000147.000000147 &0000000000000507.000000507
Burundi &0000000000000778.900000778.9 44.9% 20.9% 34.1% &0000000000000350.000000350 &0000000000000163.000000163 &0000000000000266.000000266
Seychelles &0000000000000712.000000712 3.2% 30.1% 66.7% &0000000000000023.00000023 &0000000000000214.000000214 &0000000000000475.000000475
Djibouti &0000000000000702.000000702 17.9% 22.5% 59.6% &0000000000000126.000000126 &0000000000000158.000000158 &0000000000000418.000000418
The Gambia &0000000000000461.200000461.2 30.5% 13.9% 55.6% &0000000000000141.000000141 &0000000000000064.00000064 &0000000000000256.000000256
Grenada &0000000000000454.000000454 5.4% 18% 76.6% &0000000000000025.00000025 &0000000000000082.00000082 &0000000000000348.000000348
Saint Kitts and Nevis &0000000000000453.000000453 3.5% 25.8% 70.7% &0000000000000016.00000016 &0000000000000117.000000117 &0000000000000320.000000320
Snt. Vinc. & Grenadines &0000000000000428.000000428 10% 26% 64% &0000000000000043.00000043 &0000000000000111.000000111 &0000000000000274.000000274
Comoros &0000000000000402.000000402 40% 4% 56% &0000000000000161.000000161 &0000000000000016.00000016 &0000000000000225.000000225
Samoa &0000000000000399.000000399 11.4% 58.4% 30.2% &0000000000000045.00000045 &0000000000000233.000000233 &0000000000000120.000000120
East Timor &0000000000000349.000000349 8.5% 23.1% 68.4% &0000000000000030.00000030 &0000000000000081.00000081 &0000000000000239.000000239
Vanuatu &0000000000000341.000000341 26% 12% 62% &0000000000000089.00000089 &0000000000000041.00000041 &0000000000000211.000000211
Guinea-Bissau &0000000000000295.100000295.1 62% 12% 26% &0000000000000183.000000183 &0000000000000035.00000035 &0000000000000077.00000077
Solomon Islands &0000000000000286.000000286 42% 11% 47% &0000000000000120.000000120 &0000000000000031.00000031 &0000000000000134.000000134
Dominica &0000000000000279.000000279 17.7% 32.8% 49.5% &0000000000000049.00000049 &0000000000000092.00000092 &0000000000000138.000000138
Tonga &0000000000000244.000000244 23% 27% 50% &0000000000000056.00000056 &0000000000000066.00000066 &0000000000000122.000000122
Micronesia &0000000000000232.000000232 28.9% 15.2% 55.9% &0000000000000067.00000067 &0000000000000035.00000035 &0000000000000130.000000130
Cook Islands &0000000000000183.200000183.2 15.1% 9.6% 75.3% &0000000000000028.00000028 &0000000000000018.00000018 &0000000000000138.000000138
Palau &0000000000000145.000000145 6.2% 12% 81.8% &0000000000000009.0000009 &0000000000000017.00000017 &0000000000000119.000000119
Marshall Islands &0000000000000144.000000144 31.7% 14.9% 53.4% &0000000000000046.00000046 &0000000000000021.00000021 &0000000000000077.00000077
Anguilla &0000000000000108.900000108.9 4% 18% 78% &0000000000000004.0000004 &0000000000000020.00000020 &0000000000000085.00000085
Kiribati &0000000000000076.40000076.4 8.9% 24.2% 66.8% &0000000000000007.0000007 &0000000000000018.00000018 &0000000000000051.00000051
Sao Tome and Principe &0000000000000071.38000071.38 16.6% 15.3% 68.1% &0000000000000012.00000012 &0000000000000011.00000011 &0000000000000049.00000049
Tuvalu &0000000000000014.94000014.94 16.6% 27.2% 56.2% &0000000000000002.0000002 &0000000000000004.0000004 &0000000000000008.0000008
Niue &0000000000000010.01000010.01 23.5% 26.9% 49.5% &0000000000000002.0000002 &0000000000000003.0000003 &0000000000000005.0000005



[edit] Source
GDP (nominal): Field Listing GDP (official exchange rate) - CIA world factbook
GDP Sector composition: Field Listing - GDP composition by sector - CIA world factbook
[hide]v • d • eLists of countries with rankings

Geography
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List of billionaires (2009)

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This list of billionaires is based (where not otherwise noted) on an annual ranking of the world's wealthiest people compiled and published by Forbes magazine on March 11, 2009.[1] The listed net worth represents the estimated value of assets less debt as of February 13, 2009.[2] The list does not include heads of state whose wealth is tied to their position (see list of heads of government and state by net worth).

The world's 5 wealthiest people Bill Gates Warren Buffett Carlos Slim Helú Lawrence Ellison Ingvar Kamprad

Contents [hide]
1 Top billionaires
2 See also
3 References






Top billionaires
The following list is the ranking of the world's richest billionaires as of February 13, 2009, and does not reflect changes since then.


Legend
Icon Description
▬ Has not changed from the list for 2008.
▲ Has increased from the list for 2008.
▼ Has decreased from the list for 2008.

No. Name Net worth (USD) Age Citizenship Residence Sources of wealth Ref.
&0000000000000001.0000001▲ Gates, BillBill Gates $40.0 billion ▼ 53 United States United States Microsoft [3]
&0000000000000002.0000002▼ Buffett, WarrenWarren Buffett $37.0 billion ▼ 78 United States United States Berkshire Hathaway [3]
&0000000000000003.0000003▼ Helú, Carlos SlimCarlos Slim Helú $35.0 billion ▼ 69 Mexico
Lebanon Mexico Telmex, América Móvil [3]
&0000000000000004.0000004▲ Ellison, LawrenceLawrence Ellison $22.5 billion ▼ 64 United States United States Oracle Corporation [3]
&0000000000000005.0000005▲ Kamprad, IngvarIngvar Kamprad and family $22.0 billion ▼ 83 Sweden Switzerland IKEA [4]
&0000000000000006.0000006▲ Albrecht, KarlKarl Albrecht $21.5 billion ▼ 89 Germany Germany Aldi Süd [4]
&0000000000000007.0000007▼ Ambani, MukeshMukesh Ambani $19.5 billion ▼ 51 India India Reliance Industries [4]
&0000000000000008.0000008▼ Mittal, LakshmiLakshmi Mittal $19.3 billion ▼ 58 India United Kingdom Arcelor Mittal [4]
&0000000000000009.0000009▲ Albrecht, TheoTheo Albrecht $18.8 billion ▼ 87 Germany Germany Aldi Nord, Trader Joe's [5]
&0000000000000010.00000010▲ Ortega, AmancioAmancio Ortega $18.3 billion ▼ 73 Spain Spain Inditex Group [6]
&0000000000000011.00000011▲ Walton, JimJim Walton $17.8 billion ▼ 61 United States United States Wal-Mart [7]
&0000000000000012.00000012▲ Walton, AliceAlice Walton $17.6 billion ▼ 59 United States United States Wal-Mart [7]
&0000000000000012.00000012▲ Walton, ChristyChristy Walton $17.6 billion ▼ 54 United States United States Wal-Mart [7]
&0000000000000012.00000012▲ Walton, S. RobsonS. Robson Walton $17.6 billion ▼ 65 United States United States Wal-Mart [7]
&0000000000000015.00000015▼ Arnault, BernardBernard Arnault $16.5 billion ▼ 60 France France LVMH Moët Hennessy • Louis Vuitton [8]
&0000000000000016.00000016▼ Ka-shing, LiLi Ka-shing $16.2 billion ▼ 80 Hong Kong Hong Kong Cheung Kong Holdings, Hutchison Whampoa [9]
&0000000000000017.00000017▲ Bloomberg, MichaelMichael Bloomberg $16.0 billion ▲ 67 United States United States Bloomberg L.P. [6]
&0000000000000018.00000018▲ Persson, StefanStefan Persson $14.5 billion ▼ 61 Sweden Sweden Hennes & Mauritz
&0000000000000019.00000019▲ Koch, CharlesCharles Koch $14.0 billion ▼ 73 United States United States Koch Industries [10]
&0000000000000019.00000019▲ Koch, David H.David H. Koch $14.0 billion ▼ 68 United States United States Koch Industries [10]
&0000000000000021.00000021▼ Bettencourt, LilianeLiliane Bettencourt $13.4 billion ▼ 86 France France L'Oréal [3]
&0000000000000022.00000022▼ Alsaud, Prince Alwaleed Bin TalalPrince Alwaleed Bin Talal Alsaud $13.3 billion ▼ 54 Saudi Arabia
Lebanon Saudi Arabia Kingdom Holding Company, Citigroup [11]
&0000000000000023.00000023▲ Otto, MichaelMichael Otto and family $13.2 billion ▼ 65 Germany Germany Otto GmbH
&0000000000000024.00000024▲ Thomson, DavidDavid Thomson and family $13.0 billion ▼ 51 Canada Canada The Thomson Corporation [12]
&0000000000000025.00000025▲ Dell, MichaelMichael Dell $12.3 billion ▼ 44 United States United States Dell
&0000000000000026.00000026▲ Bren, DonaldDonald Bren $12.0 billion ▼ 76 United States United States Irvine Company
&0000000000000026.00000026▲ Brin, SergeySergey Brin $12.0 billion ▼ 35 United States United States Google [3]
&0000000000000026.00000026▲ Page, LarryLarry Page $12.0 billion ▼ 36 United States United States Google [3]
&0000000000000029.00000029▲ Ballmer, StevenSteven Ballmer $11.0 billion ▼ 53 United States United States Microsoft [13]
&0000000000000029.00000029▲ Westminster, The Duke ofThe Duke of Westminster and family $11.0 billion ▼ 57 United Kingdom United Kingdom Grosvenor Group [14]
&0000000000000029.00000029▲ Soros, GeorgeGeorge Soros $11.0 billion ▲ 78 United States United States Soros Fund Management
&0000000000000032.00000032▲ Allen, PaulPaul Allen $10.5 billion ▼ 56 United States United States Microsoft [11]
&0000000000000032.00000032▼ Kwok, RaymondRaymond Kwok, Thomas Kwok, and Walter Kwok $10.5 billion ▼ 57, 58, and 59 Hong Kong Hong Kong Sun Hung Kai
&0000000000000034.00000034▼ Ambani, AnilAnil Ambani $10.1 billion ▼ 49 India India Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group [4]
&0000000000000035.00000035▲ Johnson, AbigailAbigail Johnson $10.0 billion ▼ 47 United States United States Fidelity Investments
&0000000000000035.00000035▲ Klatten, SusanneSusanne Klatten $10.0 billion ▼ 46 Germany Germany BMW
&0000000000000035.00000035▲ Perelman, RonaldRonald Perelman $10.0 billion ▲ 66 United States United States Revlon
&0000000000000035.00000035▲ Rausing, HansHans Rausing $10.0 billion ▬ 83 Sweden United Kingdom Tetra Laval [14]
&0000000000000039.00000039▲ Rausing, BirgitBirgit Rausing and family $9.9 billion ▼ 85 Sweden Switzerland Tetra Laval
&0000000000000040.00000040▲ Ferrero, MicheleMichele Ferrero and family $9.5 billion ▼ 82 Italy Monaco Ferrero SpA
&0000000000000040.00000040▼ Prokhorov, MikhailMikhail Prokhorov $9.5 billion ▼ 43 Russia Russia Interros [15]
&0000000000000040.00000040▲ Taylor, Jack C.Jack C. Taylor and family $9.5 billion ▼ 86 United States United States Enterprise Rent-A-Car
&0000000000000043.00000043▲ Al Amoudi, MohammedMohammed Al Amoudi $9.0 billion ▬ 63 Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia Corral Petroleum Holdings
&0000000000000043.00000043▼ Chambers, Anne CoxAnne Cox Chambers $9.0 billion ▼ 89 United States United States Cox Enterprises
&0000000000000043.00000043▲ Icahn, CarlCarl Icahn $9.0 billion ▼ 73 United States United States American Car and Foundry Company [16]
&0000000000000043.00000043▲ Kaiser, GeorgeGeorge Kaiser $9.0 billion ▼ 66 United States United States BOK Financial Corporation
&0000000000000043.00000043▼ Kee, Lee ShauLee Shau Kee $9.0 billion ▼ 81 Hong Kong Hong Kong Henderson Land Development
&0000000000000043.00000043▲ Mars, Jr., Forrest EdwardForrest Edward Mars, Jr. $9.0 billion ▼ 77 United States United States Mars, Incorporated [16]
&0000000000000043.00000043▲ Mars, JacquelineJacqueline Mars $9.0 billion ▼ 69 United States United States Mars, Incorporated [16]
&0000000000000043.00000043▲ Mars, JohnJohn Mars $9.0 billion ▼ 72 United States United States Mars, Incorporated [16]
&0000000000000051.00000051▼ Abramovich, RomanRoman Abramovich $8.5 billion ▼ 42 Russia Russia Millhouse Capital [17]
&0000000000000052.00000052▲ Bertarelli, ErnestoErnesto Bertarelli $8.2 billion ▼ 43 Switzerland Switzerland Serono
&0000000000000052.00000052▲ Knight, PhilipPhilip Knight $8.2 billion ▼ 71 United States United States Nike
&0000000000000054.00000054▼ Al-Kharafi, NasserNasser Al-Kharafi and family $8.1 billion ▼ 65 Kuwait Kuwait M. A. Kharafi & Sons
&0000000000000055.00000055▲ Simons, JamesJames Simons $8.0 billion ▲ 70 United States United States Renaissance Technologies
&0000000000000055.00000055▲ Wertheimer, AlainAlain Wertheimer and Gerard Wertheimer $8.0 billion ▼ 60 and 59 France United States
Switzerland Chanel
&0000000000000057.00000057▲ Al Ghurair, Abdul AzizAbdul Aziz Al Ghurair & family $7.8 billion ▲ 55 United Arab Emirates United Arab Emirates Mashreq Bank
&0000000000000057.00000057▲ Alakbarov, VahidVahid Alakbarov $7.8 billion ▼ 58 Russia Russia LUKoil
&0000000000000059.00000059▲ Mittal, SunilSunil Mittal and family $7.7 billion ▼ 51 India India Bharti Airtel
&0000000000000060.00000060▼ Pinault, FrançoisFrançois Pinault and family $7.6 billion ▼ 72 France France PPR
&0000000000000061.00000061▲ Batista, EikeEike Batista $7.5 billion ▲ 51 Brazil Brazil
&0000000000000062.00000062▲ Al Jaber, Mohamed Bin IssaMohamed Bin Issa Al Jaber $7.0 billion ▲ 50 Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia
&0000000000000062.00000062▲ Al-Sanea, MaanMaan Al-Sanea $7.0 billion ▼ 54 Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia Saad Group
&0000000000000062.00000062▲ Johnson, III, EdwardEdward Johnson, III $7.0 billion ▼ 78 United States United States Fidelity Investments
&0000000000000062.00000062▲ Krishnan, AnandaAnanda Krishnan $7.0 billion ▼ 70 Malaysia Malaysia Maxis, Astro
&0000000000000062.00000062▲ Kuok, RobertRobert Kuok $7.0 billion ▼ 85 Malaysia Hong Kong Perlis Plantations Bhd
&0000000000000062.00000062▲ Safra, JosephJoseph Safra $7.0 billion ▼ 70 Brazil Brazil Safra Group
&0000000000000068.00000068▲ Bezos, JeffreyJeffrey Bezos $6.8 billion ▼ 45 United States United States Amazon.com
&0000000000000069.00000069▲ von Finck, Jr., AugustAugust von Finck, Jr. $6.7 billion ▼ 79 Germany Switzerland Allianz
&0000000000000070.00000070▲ Berlusconi, SilvioSilvio Berlusconi and family $6.5 billion ▼ 72 Italy Italy Fininvest
&0000000000000071.00000071▲ Del Vecchio, LeonardoLeonardo Del Vecchio $6.3 billion ▼ 73 Italy Italy Luxottica
&0000000000000071.00000071▲ Engelhorn, CurtCurt Engelhorn $6.3 billion ▼ 82 Germany Switzerland Roche
&0000000000000071.00000071▼ Fridman, MikhailMikhail Fridman $6.3 billion ▼ 44 Russia Russia Alfa Group
&0000000000000074.00000074▲ Al Rajhi, SulaimanSulaiman Al Rajhi $6.2 billion ▼ 89 Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia Al-Rajhi Bank
&0000000000000075.00000075▲ Goodnight, JamesJames Goodnight $6.1 billion ▼ 66 United States United States SAS Institute
&0000000000000076.00000076▲ Fontbona, IrisIris Fontbona and family $6.0 billion ▼ Chile Chile Antofagasta PLC, Quiñenco
&0000000000000076.00000076▲ Kellner, PetrPetr Kellner $6.0 billion ▼ 44 Czech Republic Czech Republic PPF Group
&0000000000000076.00000076▲ Kluge, JohnJohn Kluge $6.0 billion ▼ 94 United States United States Metromedia [6]
&0000000000000076.00000076▲ Paulson, JohnJohn Paulson $6.0 billion ▲ 53 United States United States
&0000000000000076.00000076▲ Yanai, TadashiTadashi Yanai & family $6.0 billion ▲ 60 Japan Japan Fast Retailing
&0000000000000081.00000081▲ Duncan, DanDan Duncan $5.9 billion ▼ 76 United States United States Enterprise Products
&0000000000000081.00000081▲ Matte, EliodoroEliodoro Matte & family $5.9 billion ▼ 63 Chile Chile Compañía Manufacturera de Papeles y Cartones
&0000000000000083.00000083▲ Bailleres, AlbertoAlberto Bailleres & family $5.7 billion ▼ 76 Mexico Mexico Grupo Bal
&0000000000000083.00000083▼ Premji, AzimAzim Premji $5.7 billion ▼ 63 India India Wipro Technologies
&0000000000000083.00000083▲ Wyss, HansjorgHansjorg Wyss $5.7 billion ▼ 74 Switzerland United States Synthes
&0000000000000086.00000086▼ Ruia, ShashiShashi Ruia and Ravi Ruia $5.6 billion ▼ 65 India India Essar
&0000000000000087.00000087▲ Cohen, Steven A.Steven A. Cohen $5.5 billion ▼ 53 United States United States SAC Capital Partners
&0000000000000087.00000087▲ Ng Teng Fong, Ng Teng Fong $5.5 billion ▼ 80 Singapore Singapore Sino Group
&0000000000000087.00000087▲ Soon-Shiong, PatrickPatrick Soon-Shiong $5.5 billion ▲ 57 United States United States American Pharmaceutical Partners
&0000000000000090.00000090▼ Dassault, SergeSerge Dassault and family $5.4 billion ▼ 83 France France Dassault Group
&0000000000000090.00000090▲ Haub, ErivanErivan Haub & family $5.4 billion ▼ 76 Germany Germany Tengelmann Group
&0000000000000092.00000092▲ Lemann, Jorge PauloJorge Paulo Lemann $5.3 billion ▼ 69 Brazil Brazil Investment Bank & Inbev beverages
&0000000000000093.00000093▲ Broad, EliEli Broad $5.2 billion ▼ 75 United States United States KB Home
&0000000000000093.00000093▲ Busujima, KunioKunio Busujima & family $5.2 billion ▼ 83 Japan Japan Sankyo
&0000000000000093.00000093▲ Kipp, Karl-HeinzKarl-Heinz Kipp $5.2 billion ▼ 85 Germany Switzerland Massa
&0000000000000093.00000093▼ Lisin, VladimirVladimir Lisin $5.2 billion ▼ 52 Russia Russia Novolipetsk Steel [15]
&0000000000000093.00000093▲ Wurth, ReinholdReinhold Wurth $5.2 billion ▼ 73 Germany Germany Wurth Group
&0000000000000098.00000098▲ Anschutz, PhilipPhilip Anschutz $5.0 billion ▼ 69 United States United States The Anschutz Corporation
&0000000000000098.00000098▼ Kerkorian, KirkKirk Kerkorian $5.0 billion ▼ 91 United States United States Tracinda Corporation [16]
&0000000000000098.00000098▲ Oppenheimer, NickyNicky Oppenheimer & family $5.0 billion ▼ 63 South Africa South Africa De Beers & Anglo American
&0000000000000098.00000098▲ Reuben, David and SimonDavid and Simon Reuben $5.0 billion ▼ NA United Kingdom United Kingdom real estate
&0000000000000098.00000098▼ Singh, Kushal PalKushal Pal Singh $5.0 billion ▼ 77 India India DLF Group [4]
&0000000000000098.00000098▲ Weston, GalenGalen Weston & family $5.0 billion ▼ 68 Canada Canada George Weston Limited, Associated British Foods


See also
List of heads of government and state by net worth

References
1.^ Luisa Kroll, Matthew Miller and Tatiana Serafin (2009-03-11). "The World's Billionaires". Forbes. http://www.forbes.com/2009/03/11/worlds-richest-people-billionaires-2009-billionaires_land.html. Retrieved on 2009-03-11.
2.^ "The World's Billionaires – Methodology". Forbes. 2009-03-16. http://www.forbes.com/2009/03/16/billionaires-methodology-numbers-2009-billionaires-methodology.html. Retrieved on 2009-03-18.
3.^ a b c d e f g DeBare, Ilana (2008-03-06). "47 Bay Area billionaires on Forbes list". San Francisco Chronicle. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2008/03/06/BUS1VEBPS.DTL. Retrieved on 2008-04-04.
4.^ a b c d e f "Ambani brothers, L N Mittal among top 10 billionaires". The Times of India. 2008-03-06. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Anil_Ambani_Lakshmi_Mittal_among_top_10_billionaires/articleshow/2842665.cms. Retrieved on 2008-04-04.
5.^ "Pair of Grocery Giants Remain Germany's Richest Businessmen". Deutsche Welle. 2008-03-06. http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,1791525,00.html. Retrieved on 2008-04-04.
6.^ a b c "Forbes ranks "intriguing" heiresses". China Daily. 2007-11-20. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/lifestyle/2007-11/20/content_6267416.htm. Retrieved on 2008-04-04.
7.^ a b c d "Number of Billionaires Up to Record 793". FOX News. 2006-03-10. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,187400,00.html. Retrieved on 2008-04-04.
8.^ "25 most powerful people in business". Fortune. 2007-11-30. http://money.cnn.com/galleries/2007/fortune/0711/gallery.power_25.fortune/index.html. Retrieved on 2008-04-04.
9.^ "Asia's booming billionaires". Agence France Press. 2008-03-06. http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5gPISYBCvfomF_o23rcIEbS0__zqQ. Retrieved on 2008-04-04.
10.^ a b Knapp, Adam (2008-03-06). "Koch brothers tied for 37th on Forbes list". Wichita Business Journal. http://www.bizjournals.com/wichita/stories/2008/03/03/daily23.html. Retrieved on 2008-04-04.
11.^ a b Boughey, Steve (2007-06-29). "Philanthropy a common theme among the filthy rich". The New Zealand Herald. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/author/story.cfm?a_id=223&objectid=10448644. Retrieved on 2008-04-04.
12.^ "Buffett ousts Gates as world's richest man". CBC News. 2008-03-05. http://www.cbc.ca/money/story/2008/03/05/forbes-list.html. Retrieved on 2008-04-04.
13.^ Moore, Heidi (2008-03-06). "Microsoft-Yahoo: Ballmer, Gates Take $7.9 Billion Hit for the Team". The Wall Street Journal. http://blogs.wsj.com/deals/2008/03/06/microsoft-yahoo-ballmer-gates-take-79-billion-hit-for-the-team/?mod=googlenews_wsj. Retrieved on 2008-04-04.
14.^ a b Low, Valentine (2008-03-06). "Billionaire London is home to 36 on Forbes richest list". Evening Standard. http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard/article-23449629-details/Billionaire+London+is+home+to+36+on+Forbes+richest+list/article.do. Retrieved on 2008-04-04.
15.^ a b Halpin, Tony (2007-02-13). "Abramovich must keep his crown but is relegated in oligarch league". The Times Online. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article1375282.ece. Retrieved on 2008-04-04.
16.^ a b c d e Robison, Jennifer (2008-03-07). "Hard times: LV billionaires take a beating in Forbes magazine's current list". Las Vegas Review-Journal. http://www.lvrj.com/business/16377861.html. Retrieved on 2008-04-04.
17.^ "Moscow: World's 'Billionaire' Capital". One India. http://living.oneindia.in/insync/2008/moscow-billionaire-capital-070308.html. Retrieved on 2008-04-04.
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Energy policy

Energy portal
See also: Nuclear energy policy
Energy policy is the manner in which a given entity (often governmental) has decided to address issues of energy development including energy production, distribution and consumption. The attributes of energy policy may include legislation, international treaties, incentives to investment, guidelines for energy conservation, taxation and other public policy techniques.

Contents
1 National energy policy
1.1 Measures used to produce an energy policy
1.2 Factors within an energy policy
2 State, province or municipal energy policy
3 United States
4 Europe
4.1 European Union
4.1.1 United Kingdom
4.2 Russia
5 Asia
5.1 Thailand
5.2 India
5.3 China
6 Oceania
6.1 Australia
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
10 Quotes


National energy policy

Measures used to produce an energy policy
A national energy policy comprises a set of measures involving that country's laws, treaties and agency directives. The energy policy of a sovereign nation may include one or more of the following measures:

statement of national policy regarding energy planning, energy generation, transmission and usage
legislation on commercial energy activities (trading, transport, storage, etc.)
legislation affecting energy use, such as efficiency standards, emission standards
instructions for state owned energy sector assets and organizations
active participation in, co-ordination of and incentives for mineral fuels exploration (see geological survey) and other energy-related research and development
fiscal policies related to energy products and services (taxes, exemptions, subsidies ...
Energy security and international policy measures such as:
international energy sector treaties and alliances,
general international trade agreements,
special relations with energy-rich countries, including military presence and/or domination.
Frequently the dominant issue of energy policy is the risk of supply-demand mismatch (see: energy crisis). Current energy policies also address environmental issues (see: climate change). Some governments state explicit energy policy, but, declared or not, each government practices some type of energy policy.


Factors within an energy policy

There are a number of elements that are naturally contained in a national energy policy, regardless of which of the above measures was used to arrive at the resultant policy. The chief elements intrinsic to an energy policy are:

What is the extent of energy self-sufficiency for this nation
Where future energy sources will derive
How future energy will be consumed (e.g. among sectors)
What fraction of the population will be acceptable to endure energy poverty
What are the goals for future energy intensity, ratio of energy consumed to GDP
What is the reliability standard for distribution reliability
What environmental externalities are acceptable and are forecast
What form of "portable energy" is forecast (e.g. sources of fuel for motor vehicles)
How will energy efficient hardware (e.g. hybrid vehicles, household appliances) be encouraged
How can the national policy drive province, state and municipal functions
What specific mechanisms (e.g. taxes, incentives, manufacturing standards) are in place to implement the total policy

State, province or municipal energy policy

Even within a state it is proper to talk about energy policies in plural. Influential entities, such as municipal or regional governments and energy industries, will each exercise policy. Policy measures available to these entities are lesser in sovereignty, but may be equally important to national measures. In fact, there are certain activities vital to energy policy which realistically cannot be administered at the national level, such as monitoring energy conservation practices in the process of building construction, which is normally controlled by state-regional and municipal building codes (although can appear basic federal legislation).

United States
Main article: Energy policy of the United States

Europe

[edit] European Union
Main article: Energy policy of the European Union
Although the European Union has legislated, set targets, and negotiated internationally in the area of energy policy for many years, and evolved out of the European Coal and Steel Community, the concept of introducing a mandatory common European Union energy policy was only approved at the meeting of the European Council on October 27, 2005 in London. Following this the first policy proposals, Energy for a Changing World, were published by the European Commission, on January 10, 2007.


United Kingdom

Main article: Energy policy of the United Kingdom
The energy policy of the United Kingdom has achieved success in (a) reducing energy intensity (but still really high), (b) reducing energy poverty and (c) maintaining energy supply reliability to date. The United Kingdom has an ambitious goal to reduce carbon dioxide emissions for future years, but it is unclear whether the programs in place are sufficient to achieve this objective (the way to be so efficient as France is still hard). Regarding energy self sufficiency, the United Kingdom policy does not address this issue, other than to concede historic energy self sufficiency is currently ceasing to exist (due to the decline of the North Sea oil production). With regard to transport, the United Kingdom historically has a good policy record encouraging public transport links with cities, despite encountering problems with high speed trains, which have the potential to reduce dramatically domestic and short-haul European flights. The policy does not, however, significantly encourage hybrid vehicle use or ethanol fuel use, options which represent viable short term means to moderate rising transport fuel consumption. Regarding renewable energy, the United Kingdom has goals for wind and tidal energy. The White Paper on Energy, 2007, set the target that 20% of the UK's energy must come from renewable sources by 2020.


Russia

Main article: Energy policy of Russia
Russia, one of the world's energy superpowers, is rich in natural energy resources, the world’s leading net energy exporter, and a major supplier to the European Union. The main document defining the energy policy of Russia is the Energy Strategy, which sets out policy for the period up to 2020. Russia has also signed and ratified the Kyoto Protocol.


Asia

Thailand
Main article: Energy Industry Liberalization and Privatization (Thailand)
The energy policy of Thailand is characterized by 1) increasing energy consumption efficiency, 2) increasing domestic energy production, 3) increasing the private sector's role in the energy sector, 4) increasing the role of market mechanisms in setting energy prices. These policies have been consistent since the 1990s, despite various changes in governments. The pace and form of industry liberalization and privatization has been highly controversial.


India
Main article: Energy policy of India
The energy policy of India is characterized by trades between four major drivers:

Rapidly growing economy, with a need for dependable and reliable supply of electricity, gas, and petroleum products;
Increasing household incomes, with a need for affordable and adequate supply of electricity, and clean cooking fuels;
Limited domestic reserves of fossil fuels, and the need to import a vast fraction of the gas, crude oil, and petroleum product requirements, and recently the need to import coal as well; and
Indoor, urban and regional environmental impacts, necessitating the need for the adoption of cleaner fuels and cleaner technologies.
In recent years, these challenges have led to a major set of continuing reforms, restructuring and a focus on energy conservation.

See also: Jatropha incentives in India and United States-India Peaceful Atomic Energy Cooperation Act


China

Main article: Energy policy of China

Oceania

Australia
Main article: Energy policy of Australia
Australia's energy policy features a combination of coal power stations, and hydro electricity plants. The Australian Government has decided not to build nuclear power, although it is one of the world's largest producers of uranium..



Quotes
"Communism is the rule of soviets plus the electrification of the whole country." Vladimir Ilich Lenin

"Our decision about energy will test the character of the American people and the ability of the President and the Congress to govern this Nation. This difficult effort will be the “moral equivalent of war,” except that we will be uniting our efforts to build and not to destroy". President of the United States Jimmy Carter, address to the nation on the energy problem, April 18, 1977.

"What we have now is a global economy that needs oil to grow. What we need are options to achieve that growth while, at the same time lessening, our dependence on fossil fuels and increasing our use of cleaner, more secure sources of energy. In short, we need to diversify. Doing so will not be cheap and will not be easy. But it is, most certainly, necessary. In fact, everything depends on it. So let’s get to it." U.S. Department of Energy Secretary Samuel Bodman, speech at Harvard Business School Global Leadership Forum, June 22, 2006.

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_policy"
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World economy

For the company, see World Market.
This article may need to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information, and remove this template when finished. Please see the talk page for more information.
It has been suggested that The Global Economy be merged into this article or section. (Discuss)
Economy of the World
During 2003 unless otherwise stated Population (November 24, 2008): 6,739,067,924 ([1])
GDP (PPP): US$70.65 trillion (2008 est.) ([2])
GDP (Currency): $54.62 trillion (2008 est.)
GDP/capita (PPP): $9,774
GDP/capita (Currency): $7,178
Annual growth of
per capita GDP (PPP): 5.1% (tty*), 2.1% (1950-2003)
People Paid Below $2 per day: 3.25 billion (~50%)
Millionaires (US$): ~9 million i.e. ~0.15% (2006)
Billionaires (US$): 1125 (2008)
Unemployment: 30% combined unemployment and underemployment in many non-industrialized countries. Developed countries typically 4-12% unemployment.
*Trailing-ten-years. Most numbers are from the UNDP from 2002, some numbers exclude certain countries for lack of information.
See also: Economy of the world - Economy of Africa - Economy of Asia - Economy of Europe - Economy of North America - Economy of Oceania - Economy of South America
edit

The world economy can be evaluated in various ways, depending on the model used, and this valuation can then be represented in various ways (for example, in 2006 US dollars). It is inseparable from the geography and ecology of Earth, and is therefore somewhat of a misnomer, since, while definitions and representations of the "world economy" vary widely, they must at a minimum exclude any consideration of resources or value based outside of the Earth. For example, while attempts could be made to calculate the value of currently unexploited mining opportunities in unclaimed territory in Antarctica, the same opportunities on Mars would not be considered a part of the world economy – even if currently exploited in some way – and could be considered of latent value only in the same way as uncreated intellectual property, such as a previously unconceived invention.

Beyond the minimum standard of concerning value in production, use, and exchange on the planet Earth, definitions, representations, models, and valuations of the world economy vary widely.

It is common to limit questions of the world economy exclusively to human economic activity, and the world economy is typically judged in monetary terms, even in cases in which there is no efficient market to help valuate certain goods or services, or in cases in which a lack of independent research or government cooperation makes establishing figures difficult. Typical examples are illegal drugs and other black market goods, which by any standard are a part of the world economy, but for which there is by definition no legal market of any kind.

However, even in cases in which there is a clear and efficient market to establish a monetary value, economists do not typically use the current or official exchange rate to translate the monetary units of this market into a single unit for the world economy, since exchange rates typically do not closely reflect worldwide value, for example in cases where the volume or price of transactions is closely regulated by the government. Rather, market valuations in a local currency are typically translated to a single monetary unit using the idea of purchasing power. This is the method used below, which is used for estimating worldwide economic activity in terms of real US dollars. However, the world economy can be evaluated and expressed in many more ways. It is unclear, for example, how many of the world's 6.6 billion people have most of their economic activity reflected in these valuations.

Contents [hide]
1 Economy – overview
1.1 2007–2008
2 Statistical indicators
2.1 Economy
2.2 Employment
2.3 Industries
2.4 Energy
2.5 Cross-border
2.6 Gift economy
2.7 Communications
2.8 Transport
2.9 Military
3 References
4 See also
5 External links


Economy – overview

2007–2008

Current account balance 2006[1]Global output (gross world product) (GWP) rose by 3.2% in 2008, led by China (9%, equal to 21% of global growth), the US (1.1%, or 12% of growth), the European Union (0.9%, for a 10.5% share of growth) and India (7.3%, equal to 5.6% of the total rise). The 12 largest economies (the US, Japan, China, Germany, France, the United Kingdom, Italy, Russia, Spain, Brazil, Canada and India) contributed just over half of all economic growth in 2008.[2]

Growth results in the wealthy, or “advanced” economies, slowed by two-thirds, from 2.7% in 2007 to just 0.9% in 2008. Emerging Asia slowed from 9.8% to 6.8%; Emerging Europe from 5.4% to 2.9%; the Commonwealth of Independent States from 8.6% to 5.5%; the (non-OECD) Western Hemisphere from 5.7% to 4.2%; the Middle East from 6.3% to 5.9%; and Africa from 6.2% to 5.2%. [3]

Externally, the nation-state, as a bedrock economic-political institution, is steadily losing control over international flows of people, goods, funds, and technology. Central governments are losing decision making powers and enhancing their international collective power thanks to strong economic bodies of which they democratically chose to become part, notably the EU. The introduction of the euro as the common currency of much of Western Europe in January 1999, while paving the way for an integrated economic powerhouse, poses economic risks because of varying levels of income and cultural and political differences among the participating nations.

Internally, the central government often finds its control over resources slipping as separatist regional movements - typically based on ethnicity - gain momentum, e.g., in many of the successor states of the former Soviet Union, in the former Yugoslavia, in India, in Iraq, in Indonesia, and in Canada.

Statistical indicators

Economy
GDP (GWP) (gross world product): (purchasing power parity exchange rates) - $59.38 trillion (2005 est.), $51.48 trillion (2004), $49 trillion (2002)

GDP (GWP) (gross world product):’’’[4] (market exchange rates) - $60.69 trillion (2008)

GDP - real growth rate: 3.2% (2008), 3.1% p.a. (2000-07), 2.4% p.a. (1990-99), 3.1% p.a. (1980-89)

GDP - per capita: purchasing power parity - $9,300 (2005 est.), $8,200 (92) (2003), $7,900 (2002)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 4% industry: 32% services: 64% (2004 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices): developed countries 1% to 4% typically; developing countries 5% to 60% typically; national inflation rates vary widely in individual cases, from declining prices in Japan to hyperinflation in several Third World countries (2003)

Derivatives outstanding notional amount: $273 trillion (end of June 2004), $84 trillion (end-June 1998) ([3])

Global debt issuance: $5.187 trillion (2004), $4.938 trillion (2003), $3.938 trillion (2002) (Thomson Financial League Tables)

Global equity issuance: $505 billion (2004), $388 billion (2003), $319 billion (2002) (Thomson Financial League Tables)

Employment

Unemployment rate: 30% combined unemployment and underemployment in many non-industrialized countries; developed countries typically 4%-12% unemployment[citation needed]

Industries

Industrial production growth rate: 3% (2002 est.)

Energy
Yearly electricity - production: 15,850,000 GWh (2003 est.), 14,850,000 GWh (2001 est.)

Yearly electricity - consumption: 14,280,000 GWh (2003 est.), 13,930,000 GWh (2001 est.)

Oil - production: 79.65 million bbl/day (2003 est.), 75.46 million barrel/day (12,000,000 m³/d) (2001)

Oil - consumption: 80.1 million bbl/day (2003 est.), 76.21 million barrel/day (12,120,000 m³/d) (2001)

Oil - proved reserves: 1.025 trillion barrel (163 km³) (2001 est.)

Natural gas - production: 2,569 km³ (2001 est.)

Natural gas - consumption: 2,556 km³ (2001 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves: 161,200 km³ (1 January 2002)


Cross-border

Yearly exports: $6.6 trillion (f.o.b., 2002 est.)

Exports - commodities: the whole range of industrial and agricultural goods and services

Exports - partners: US 17.4%, Germany 7.6%, UK 5.4%, France 5.1%, Japan 4.8%, China 4% (2002)

Yearly imports: $6.6 trillion (f.o.b., 2002 est.)

Imports - commodities: the whole range of industrial and agricultural goods and services

Imports - partners: US 11.2%, Germany 9.2%, China 7%, Japan 6.8%, France 4.7%, UK 4% (2002)

Debt - external: $2 trillion for less developed countries (2002 est.)


Gift economy

Yearly economic aid - recipient: Official Development Assistance (ODA) $50 billion...


Communications

Telephones - main lines in use: 843,923,500 (2007)
4,263,367,600 (2008)

Telephones - mobile cellular: 3,300,000,000 (Nov. 2007)[5]

Internet Service Providers (ISPs): 10,350 (2000 est.)

Internet users: 1,311,050,595 (January 18, 2008 [4] est.), 1,091,730,861 (December 30, 2006 [5] est.), 604,111,719 (2002 est.)


Transport

Transportation infrastructure worldwide includes:

Airports
Total: 49,973 (2004)
Roadways (in kilometers)
Total: 32,345,165 km
Paved: 19,403,061 km
Unpaved: 12,942,104 km (2002)
Railways
Total: 1,122,650 km includes about 190,000 to 195,000 km of electrified routes of which 147,760 km are in Europe, 24,509 km in the Far East, 11,050 km in Africa, 4,223 km in South America, and 4,160 km in North America.

Military
Military expenditures - dollar figure: aggregate real expenditure on arms worldwide in 1999 remained at approximately the 1998 level, about $750 billion, about 1/2